The legislative journey of the personal tax cuts
The Treasury Laws Amendment (Tax Relief So Working Australians Keep More Of Their Money) Act 2019 (the 2019 Act) passed the Senate without amendment on 4 July 2019 and received Royal Assent as Act No. 52 of 2019 on 5 July 2019. The 2019 Act gives effect to the further three-stage personal tax cuts announced in the 2019–20 Federal Budget.
The previously legislated tax cuts
The changes introduced by the 2019 Act, which take effect from 2018–19, build upon and modify the Government’s previously legislated Personal Income Tax Plan (‘the original Plan’). The Plan was codified in the Treasury Laws Amendment (Personal Income Tax Plan) Act 2018, which received Royal Assent on 21 June 2018 as Act No. 47 of 2018 (the 2018 Act).
The 2018 Act:
- progressively increases the personal income tax rate thresholds in the 2018–19, 2022–23 and 2024–25 income years;
- introduced a new low and middle income tax offset (LMITO) for the 2018–19 to the 2021–22 income years (four years only); and
- merges the new LMITO and the existing low income tax offset (LITO) into a new LITO from the 2022–23 income year.
More tax relief promised pre-election
On 2 April 2019, the Government announced further tax relief for individuals from the 2018–19 income year as part of the 2019–20 Federal Budget (‘the proposed Plan’). Broadly (details are set out below), this will be delivered in three stages:
- provide immediate further relief to low- and middle-income earners for the 2018–19 to the 2021–22 income years by increasing the maximum amount of the new LMITO from $530 to $1,080;
- from 1 July 2022 — raising the upper income threshold of the 19 per cent tax bracket from $41,000 to $45,000, and increasing the new LITO from $645 to $700; and
- from 1 July 2024 — reducing the 32.5 per cent marginal tax rate for those with taxable incomes between $45,001 to $200,000 to 30 per cent.
In the lead-up to the Federal Election held on 18 May 2019, the proposed Plan became a key feature of the Government’s re-election campaign. Rather than seek to enact the further tax cuts before the election, the Government intended to take the proposed Plan to the election. Due to the timing of the election, the Government was unable to introduce the promised legislation into Parliament in time for it to be passed by 30 June 2019. This was because the 46th Parliament did not commence until 2 July 2019 — i.e. after the last day of the 2018–19 income year during which the increase in the LMITO was intended to take effect.
Passage of the Bill through Parliament
Labor initially opposed stages 2 and 3 of the original Plan and vowed if elected to government to unwind the already enacted tax cuts scheduled to take effect from 1 July 2022 and 1 July 2024. However, following the election, the Opposition subsequently reversed its position and indicated that it supported stages 2 and 3 of the original Plan. Labor further indicated that it also supported stages 1 and 2 of the proposed Plan.
Just prior to the resumption of Parliament, while the Government now had bipartisan support for the first two stages of the proposed Plan — which provides targeted relief to low and middle income taxpayers — Labor remained opposed to the third stage, which provides a tax cut for those on higher incomes up to $200,000.
In particular, the Opposition was conditionally willing to support the package if the Government:
- separated out the third stage (i.e. reducing the 32.5 per cent tax rate to 30 per cent) for debate at a later time; and
- brought forward the increase in the 32.5 per cent rate threshold from $90,000 to $120,000 from 1 July 2022 to 1 July 2019.
However, the Government was unwilling to split up or modify its package which it had taken to the voters.
On 2 July 2019, when Parliament resumed, the Treasury Laws Amendment (Tax Relief So Working Australians Keep More Of Their Money) Bill 2019 was promptly introduced into, and passed by, the House of Representatives, without the support of the Opposition. During debate, the Leader of the Opposition, Anthony Albanese, moved to amend the title of the Bill to the Treasury Laws Amendment (Tax Relief So Working Australians Keep More Of Their Money But Not For A Really Long Time) Bill 2019. The motion was rejected by the Government.
To pass the Bill in the Senate, the Government — which holds 35 of the 76 Senate seats — required the support of either the Opposition, or at least four of the six crossbench senators.
By the evening of Thursday 4 July 2019, the Opposition ultimately supported the Bill in its entirety, after its proposed amendments failed, as did Centre Alliance (Senators Stirling Griff and Rex Patrick) and Senator Jacqui Lambie (Jacqui Lambie Network). The Bill was passed with 56 votes to 9, with the Australian Greens senators casting the opposing votes. The two One Nation senators (Pauline Hanson and Malcolm Roberts) abstained from voting and Cory Bernardi (Independent) was absent.
On Friday 5 July 2019, the Bill received Royal Assent as Act No. 52 of 2019.
The new personal tax regime from 2018–19
Below are two tables setting out the previously legislated and the newly enacted rates, thresholds and LMITO/LITO from the 2018–19 income year. The 2017–18 information has been included for comparison.
Note
These tables only apply to Australian tax residents. Non-resident taxpayers and working holiday makers also receive consequential tax relief.
The 2018 amendments (enacted 21 June 2018)
The 2019 amendments (enacted 5 July 2019)
How much tax relief will taxpayers receive?
The following tables compare the income tax consequences of the latest changes for five taxpayers on different taxable incomes in each of the 2018–19, 2022–23 and 2024–25 income years (i.e. the first year in which each of the three stages of the 2019 Act take effect).
The ‘Benefit’ column illustrates the amount by which each taxpayer is better off under the newly enacted law as compared to the previous law before the 2018 amendments were enacted.
The analysis does not take into account the Medicare levy, the various higher education loan repayment schemes or other personal tax offsets.
Comparison tables
Note
The tax benefit of $1,080 provided to the taxpayer earning $50,000 in this case represents the full LMITO.
Note
For the taxpayer earning $50,000
The tax benefit of $1,080 provided to the taxpayer earning $50,000 in this case represents the tax cut resulting from the increase in the upper income threshold of the 19 per cent tax bracket from $37,000 prior to the 2018 amendments to $41,000 from 1 July 2022, and to $45,000 from 1 July 2024. That is, from 1 July 2024, $8,000 of their taxable income will be taxed at the rate of 19 per cent rather than 32.5 per cent, a saving of $1,080. This has nothing to do with the increase in the LMITO to a maximum of $1,080 for the 2018–19 to the 2021–22 income years.
For the taxpayer earning $30,000
From 1 July 2022, following the removal of the LMITO, the amount of the LMITO (i.e. $255) is added to the taxpayer’s LITO causing it to increase from $445 to $700.
Immediate relief for 2019 — the LMITO
The immediate tax relief delivered by the 2019 Act comes in the form of a more generous LMITO. There are no changes to the 2018–19 tax rates or thresholds beyond the lifting of the upper 37 per cent income threshold from $87,000 to $90,000 resulting from the 2018 Act.
The following table sets out the LMITO that taxpayers in different income bands may expect upon lodgment of their 2019 tax return.
Calculation of LMITO ($)
Myth-busting the LMITO
Readers should note the following points about the increase in the LMITO:
- Politicians and the media have been describing the effect of the package for low- and middle-income earners as a ‘$1,080 tax cut’. It should more accurately be described as a reduction of income tax payable effected by the increase in the LMITO. It is not a cash bonus, and taxpayers will not be receiving a payment from the ATO for $1,080.
- Taxpayers with taxable incomes not exceeding $37,000 will receive an offset of $255. The maximum offset of $1,080 is available only to taxpayers on taxable incomes more than $48,000 and no more than $90,000. Up to $48,000 of taxable income, the offset is reduced by 7.5 cents for each dollar up to $48,000, capped at a minimum of $255. Above $90,000 of taxable income, the offset is reduced by 3 cents for each dollar above $90,000, resulting in no offset above $126,000.
- The 2018 amendments had already brought in a maximum offset of $530, so the passage of the 2019 Act results in an extra $550 of immediate tax relief at most, not an extra $1,080. However, as some individuals have only just begun lodging their 2019 tax returns, the delivery of the existing maximum $530 offset on assessment was not visible to taxpayers.
- The LMITO will be available for only four income years — from 1 July 2018 to 30 June 2022. From 1 July 2022, following the removal of the LMITO, the entry amount of the LMITO (i.e. $255) will be added to the LITO causing it to increase from its current maximum amount of $445 to a maximum of $700.
- The (increase in the) LMITO is delivered to taxpayers on assessment of their tax return. The offset amount is not factored into the PAYG withholding tables.
- Section 63-10 of the ITAA 1997 sets out the priority rules for applying tax offsets. The LITO and the LMITO are both non-refundable tax offsets, i.e. they are only available to the extent of income tax payable (excluding any liability for Medicare levy) and any excess is not refundable.The order of applying the offsets is broadly as follows:
- Seniors and pensioners tax offset (SAPTO);
- …
- Low income tax offset (LITO);
- Low and middle Income tax offset (LMITO);
- Foreign income tax offset;
- Child care tax offset;
- …
- Other refundable tax offsets.
- The LMITO is available only to individuals who are resident taxpayers. The amount of the LMITO does not need to be pro rated for that part of an income year that the taxpayer was not a resident. The LMITO is available only to individuals who are resident taxpayers. The amount of the LMITO does not need to be pro rated for that part of an income year that the taxpayer was not a resident.
- In the case of a person who dies during an income year, the LMITO does not need to be pro rated for that part of an income year following the date of death.
How will the ATO administer 2019 tax returns?
In April 2019, the ATO confirmed that — as expected — it could not issue assessments based on the new tax rates until the law is enacted. On 5 July 2019, once the 2019 Act became law, the ATO issued a statement to clarify how it intends to administer the new LMITO.
The ATO is implementing the necessary system changes so taxpayers who have already lodged their 2019 tax return will receive any increased entitlement to the offset. Any tax refund will be deposited in the taxpayer’s nominated bank account.
For tax returns already lodged, the ATO expects to begin issuing refunds towards the end of the second week of July, which is in line with the normal processing of refunds for this time of year.
Taxpayers who are yet to lodge their tax return will have any entitlement to the offset taken into account during the normal processing of their return.
Critical Point
Taxpayers (or their tax agents) who already lodged their tax returns before the law was enacted do not need to request an amendment to their assessment.
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